Adult Phubbing in the Digital Era: A Conceptual Integration of Fear of Missing Out, Loneliness, Relationship Satisfaction, Self-Esteem, and Resilience

The rapid diffusion of smartphones has profoundly reshaped interpersonal communication across the lifespan. Among the most pervasive yet under-theorised digital behaviours is phubbing - the act of ignoring physically present individuals in favour of mobile phone engagement. While phubbing has been extensively examined among adolescents and emerging adults, its conceptualisation and psychological implications in adulthood remain inadequately explored. Adult life is marked by enduring relational roles, emotional responsibilities, and social expectations, rendering attentional presence a critical component of psychological and relational well-being. Drawing upon psychological, sociological, and communication theories, the present article offers a comprehensive conceptual analysis of adult phubbing and its interrelationships with Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), loneliness, relationship satisfaction, self-esteem, and resilience. By synthesising existing empirical literature and extending adolescent-based frameworks into adult psychosocial contexts, the article proposes an integrative conceptual model that positions phubbing as both an antecedent and outcome of relational and emotional vulnerabilities in adulthood. The article contributes to theory development by reframing phubbing as a multidimensional psychosocial phenomenon and outlines directions for future empirical research and intervention strategies aimed at fostering digital well-being and relational health among adults.